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Glossary of Logistics Terms

A

ABC Classification Method: It is the classification of materials/products in stock according to criteria such as turnover rate, quantity, value, etc.

Agent: An organisation or individual providing services on behalf of a logistics company in a region other than its head office.

Emergency Plan: It is a plan showing the measures to be taken against unexpected developments that may occur in the future.

Urgent Stock: It is the amount of stock that must always be held against unplanned, emergency situations.

Container with Openable Roof (Opentop): It is a container that does not fit into the standard container or cannot be loaded from the container door with a forklift or similar equipment.

ADR: It is a standard that includes the rules for the transport of flammable, flammable and explosive substances by road and requires the necessary documents for vehicles and drivers to be able to transport these substances.
It is indicated below according to their classes;

Class 1: Explosive Substances
Class 2: Gases
Class 3: Flammable Liquid Substances
Class 4.1: Flammable Solids
Class 4.2: Self-combustible materials
Class 4.3: Substances that burn on contact with water
Class 5.1: Caustic (Oxidised) Substances
Class 5.2: Organic Peroxides
Class 6.1: Toxic Substances
Class 6.2: Infectious substances
Class 7: Radioactive Materials
Class 8: Corrosive (Acidic) Substances
Class 9: Substances with Different Hazards

Address: These are the locations within the logistics facility whose physical boundaries are determined and identified to the system with an identification number.

Addressing: During the operation carried out within the logistics facility, the products or transport units (baskets, parcels, pallets, etc.) are physically placed at an address within the facility and systematically recorded by matching the identification number of the relevant product or transport unit with the identification number of the address where it is placed.

Stock Accuracy at the address: It is a one-to-one matching of the products physically located at an address within the logistics facility with the products registered at the relevant address on the system.

Payment Under Letter Of Credit (Payment Under Letter Of Credit - L/C): A conditional undertaking given by a bank, at the request of a buyer, to make payment to a specified seller in return for the presentation of documents relating to goods or services, the details of which are specified by the buyer.

Transfer: It is the process of unloading the loads coming with a vehicle and loading them to another vehicle to be shipped in a short time without any special treatment.

Transfer Centre: These are processing centres where incoming cargoes are unloaded and outgoing cargoes are loaded according to the destination, cargoes are stored at short time intervals during the day, and cargo/cargo transfer between vehicles is made.

Active Stacking It is a stack of loads that are worked on and material is placed/lifted according to the requirement.

Buyer: The party receiving the product.

Packaging: It is a container made of materials such as metal, plastic, glass, etc. that protects products from external influences, facilitates promotion and marketing processes, provides visuality and ergonomics of use, and contains information about the product inside.

Ambar: It is a closed or open secured area where products are placed for a certain period of time depending on the need.

Warehouse Delivery and Receipt Receipt (ATF): In order to provide storage, transport and/or value-added services, it is a document issued to document that the goods in question are transferred to the responsibility of the relevant party by signing and stamping when receiving or delivering the goods from the company, supplier or customer providing the service in question.

Main Route: It is the most convenient and most used route between origin and destination.

Master Airway Bill (MAWB): It is used for shipments made from the actual sender to the actual recipient in airline transport.

Contracted Warehouse: It is the warehouse where storage activities are carried out on behalf of the customer or customers based on a contract.

Agreement: In procurement services, it is the text of the agreement reached between the parties concerned to define the conditions in advance and clearly.

Bonded Warehouse: It is a type of warehouse where the goods subject to customs legislation are kept under customs supervision and the necessary transactions are carried out in order to complete the relevant foreign trade transaction.

House Airway Bill (HAWB): It is the loading document used for air freight organised by agents. The interim bill of lading also contains loading instructions for the destination agent, a description of the goods and the applicable transport charges.

Warehouse (Storage): The place where the products/materials are stored and kept, the storage/storage service and the price paid for this service.

Astarya (Laydays and Cancelling Clause - LayCan): It is the interval of days that the ship can stay in the port in question for loading or unloading.

Progressive Stock: Inventory at a certain stage in the supply chain to meet customer requirements.

Ata Carnet (Ata Carnet): Within the scope of the international import agreement, it is a document that replaces the guarantee that allows the temporary acceptance of goods between the party countries without being subject to customs duty and is accepted as a declaration.

ATR (ATR Movement Certificate): According to the Customs Union Agreement signed between Turkey and the European Community, it is a document issued by the exporter in order to benefit from customs exemption in the export of goods in free circulation.

Anti Slipping Mats: Anti-slip mats.

A handyman: It is a tool kit containing tools (hammer, screwdriver, etc.) used to repair a vehicle.

B

BAF (Bunker Adjustment Factor): It is the freight item determined every month in order not to be affected by the fluctuations in oil prices.

Belt Conveyor System: These conveyors are designed to have the potential to carry products from boxed and packaged materials to bulk materials, with a conveying surface made of materials such as plastic and rubber.

Barcode: Within the scope of automatic identification technology, they are line-space combinations of different thicknesses that can be read by an optical reader device and transferred to the computer environment as numbers, characters or a mixture thereof.

Waiting Time: The period during which the load does not physically move.

Declaration Amount: The value of the goods declared by the sender.

Block Train (Unit Train): If there is enough freight, the entire railway carriage is allocated to this freight. The cargo in question may belong exclusively to a company.

Box Trailer: Flatbed trailer

Phytosanitary Certificate: Phytosanitary Certificate

C

Ç

CAF (Currency Adjustment Factor): Fluctuations in the US dollar are included in the freight.

CED: Common Health Entry Document (Common Health Entry Document) : For the export of fresh vegetables and fruits originating in Turkey, it is the food certificate required for entry into the European Union region.

CEMT: European Conference of Transport Ministers

UBAK is the transport regulatory body on the European continent, organised under the name of Conference of Ministers of Transport of European Countries, French acronym CEMT, English acronym ECMT.

CFR (Cost and Freight): It is a form of delivery in international trade, which is used only in sea and inland water transport, where the cost of goods and freight are paid. The seller undertakes all costs and risks and brings the goods to the port where they will be loaded and delivers them to the ship as customs cleared for export. The risk of damage and loss of the goods is transferred to the buyer when the goods are placed on board the ship, while the transfer of the costs to the buyer takes place at the port of destination.

CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight): It is a form of delivery in international trade used only in sea and inland water transport, where the cost of goods, insurance and freight are paid. The seller undertakes all costs and risks and brings the goods to the port where they will be loaded and delivers them to the ship as customs cleared for export. In addition, the seller makes an insurance contract at a minimum coverage rate on behalf of the buyer against the risk of loss and damage during the transport of the goods. While the risk of loss and damage to the goods is transferred to the buyer when the goods are placed on board the ship, the transfer of the costs to the buyer takes place at the port of destination and the risk passes to the buyer.

CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To): It is a form of delivery in international trade, which is used in all forms of transport, for which the cost of goods, insurance and freight are paid. It means that the seller will deliver the goods to a carrier or other person of his choice at the designated place (if such a place is agreed by the parties) and the seller is obliged to pay the transport costs to bring the goods to the specified destination. The seller shall take out insurance at a minimum coverage rate appropriate to the type of goods loaded by paying the insurance premium. The seller is deemed to have fulfilled his “delivery obligation” when he delivers the goods to the carrier, not when the goods arrive at the destination.

CMR Agreement: It is a road transport document used by countries that accept the provisions of the international CMR Agreement. It shows that the transport is carried out according to the provisions of the CMR. It is issued by the sender or logistics company on behalf of the recipient.

CMR Road Transport Document (CMR International Consignment Note): It is issued by the transport company on behalf of the buyer. It is a legal evidence that the goods have been received in good condition to be transported under the specified conditions and that the transport contract has been made.

CPT (Carriage Paid To): It is a form of delivery in international trade, which is used in all forms of transport, for which the cost of goods and freight have been paid. It is especially used in multi-vehicle transport types. It means that the seller will deliver the goods to a carrier or other person of his choice at the designated place (if such a place is agreed by the parties) and the seller is obliged to pay the transport costs to bring the goods to the specified destination. As a general rule, from the moment the goods are transferred to the custody of the first carrier, all risks and charges other than freight pass to the buyer.

Cross Docking: It is the process of sorting and dispatching the products supplied from the supplier according to the requirements of the customers without being stocked and without spoiling the content on the basis of the transport container.

Packing List: Parcel is a packing list. It is a detailed list showing the number, piece, weight, size and number of the items in the cargo, as well as the recipient information and address.

D

Distributed Stock: Keeping the same material stock in different places.

Distribution: It is the whole set of operations carried out in order for the products to be shipped and delivered (sent) to the specified places in accordance with the specified time, quantity, etc. conditions.

Distribution Network: It is the system in which items such as warehouse, route, point of sale, etc. are defined in the process from the shipment points of the products to the delivery points.

Distribution Channel: It is the whole of the connection points on this flow in the flow of the goods/services produced and / or offered by the enterprise from the enterprise to the end user.

Distribution Centre: Logistics facilities where storage, value-added processes, handling, packaging and shipment of products from suppliers or suppliers are carried out during the period until distribution.

DAP (Delivered At Place): It is a form of delivery in international trade used in all forms of transport, including a wide variety of transport, for which the cost of goods, insurance, freight and internal transports have been paid. It means that the seller delivers the goods by leaving them at the disposal of the buyer without unloading them from the transport vehicle at the designated destination. The seller bears all damages and costs of bringing the goods to the designated destination. The seller bears all costs up to the place of destination, but customs procedures and costs in the buyer's country belong to the buyer.

Narrow Aisle Storage System: Racking systems are used in warehouses in order to use the warehouse volume more efficiently vertically. The spaces between the racking systems are called aisles. When standard handling equipment (forklift, reachtruck, etc.) is used, these aisles should have a width of around 3 metres. In order to use the warehouse volume efficiently horizontally, it is a storage system in which the width of these aisles is narrowed to 2 metres with special handling equipment.

Narrow Aisle Stacking Equipment: Narrow Aisle Storage System is the equipment used for placing and retrieving the pallets on the shelf by moving in the aisles with guides such as rail, laser light, magnetic line. The models in which the cabin with the operator can move vertically with the product are called “man-up”, while the models in which the cabin remains fixed at the floor shelf level are called “man-down”. “Man-up” models can be used for order picking from high shelves as well as pallet handling.

DAT (Delivered At Terminal): It is a form of delivery in international trade, which is used in all forms of transport, including a wide variety of transport, with the cost of goods, insurance, freight and internal transport paid. It means that the goods are delivered when the seller leaves the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the designated destination or at the terminal determined at the port, unloaded from the incoming transport vehicle. DAT is the placing of the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the terminal point determined by the buyer and the seller, with the unloading costs covered by the seller.

DDP (Delivered Duty Paid): It is a form of delivery in international trade used in all forms of transport, including multi-modal transport, with the cost of goods, insurance, freight and internal transport paid. The seller's obligation of delivery ends when the goods are held ready for order at the place determined in the import country. The seller is obliged to bear the risks and expenses, including taxes, duties and other charges, necessary for the carriage of the goods to that point and their passage through the import customs.

Demurrage: Exceeding the loading and unloading time of the ship or not clearing and unloading the cargo waiting in the container before the allotted time.

Depo: They are intermediate points that play a strategic role in the realisation of the entire sequence of activities from the raw material stage, through the production environment, to the distribution of products to consumption centres.

Warehouse Management System: It is a system that records and reports the entire process from the acceptance of the products arriving at the warehouse to their dispatch (including external field management) using computer environment and automatic recognition technologies, directs the employees by making decisions on issues such as address determination and allocation within the process with the smart algorithms it contains, and ensures the tracking and planning of resources.

Desi: To be used in the calculation of freight transport fee; It is the value obtained by multiplying the three dimensions (width, length, height) of loads such as packages, crates, parcels in centimetres by each other and dividing by 3,000.

Yard Management: Ensuring and monitoring that all vehicles and persons entering the logistics facility boundaries act in accordance with defined processes and rules (such as traffic flow, use of parking areas, protection of the security chain).

Vertical Storage System: It is a mechatronic system with a lift system and trays in each module. It provides storage by placing the products or transport containers (baskets, parcels, etc.) on the trays and transporting them vertically with the lift system. It provides efficient storage in the vertical direction by detecting the height of the products placed on the tray by means of the sensors inside and minimising the distance between the trays.

Vertical Conveyor System: It is a conveyor system used when the communication between floors, intermediate floors or stations with height differences within the same floor is not long enough to be solved with an inclined conveyor.

Direct (Direct) Shipment: The products are sent to the customer without any storage process.

Document: Invoice, purchase order, etc. Each of the forms.

Dozvola: It is the transit pass document of TIRs used by countries between each other. Countries mutually pay an annual Dozvola Certificate fee. TIRs that receive this document can carry transit cargo from countries.

Bulk Cargo The type of loading where the load is not in a transport container that can be handled with equipment and handling requires touching the load.

Cycle Count: It is the process of counting and recording the stock in an orderly manner in certain periods in order to ensure stock accuracy.

Fourth Party Logistics (4PL): They are companies that combine the resources, capabilities and technology of their own organisation with third-party logistics (3PL) companies and undertake the design and management of the entire chain to provide comprehensive supply chain solutions to their customers. 4PL companies must have the expertise and ability to add value throughout the entire supply chain.

DPU Delivery method: Delivery as Unloaded at the Specified Location.

E

Electric Stacker: It is an electric equipment used for stacking palletised loads by moving them vertically. The equipment does not have a cabin for the operator, the operator uses the equipment on foot. It is a smaller and more economical product compared to conventional stacking equipment such as Reachtruck, but the maximum height it can reach is lower.

Electric Pallet Truck (Jet): It is a manually operated and electrically (battery) powered equipment used to carry palletised loads in a practical horizontal direction. The ability to carry/assist the pallets in vertical direction is very limited.

Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce): In the Internet environment, people buy real or virtual products on certain systems in exchange for money.

Electronic Product Code: Code version for global, immediate and automatic identification and traceability of a product in the supply chain, including code version, manufacturer/manufacturer information, product type and serial number of the product.

Handling (Handling): In logistics facilities, it is a general expression used for all operations such as changing the location of the products, distorting and reconstructing the package structure, changing container sizes, controlling, labelling, stretching.

Commodities: It is the name given to all goods and products subject to trade.

Inventory (Inventory): Physical and/or financial list of all fixtures and stocks in the enterprise.

Access Area: It is the passage used to access shelf compartments or stacks. It is used for material counting.

Flexibility: The ability to adapt to changes in consumer demands.
Flexi Conveyor: Each section is 1 metre long and thanks to its scissor structure, it is a conveyor model that can adapt to different distances by lengthening and shortening.

Simultaneous Entry and Order Preparation (Flow Thru): Similar to the Cross Loading process, it is the process of sorting and dispatching the products according to the orders of the customers without taking the products supplied from the supplier into stock. Unlike the Cross Loading process, there may be a need to make changes in the content of the transport container, so the products in the transport container are handled one by one and are subjected to both entry and order preparation simultaneously. In cases where the quantity of the relevant product is more than the order quantity, the remaining quantity (called residue) is only subjected to the goods acceptance process and taken into stock. Thus, it is ensured that the product arriving at the entry stage is partially or completely sorted by matching with the orders and only those that do not match are taken into stock, thus reducing operational operations and saving in resource utilisation.

ETA (Estimated Time Of Arrival): Estimated arrival date.

Euro Pallet (EUR - pallet): Over time, European countries have standardised pallets and determined their properties such as size, quality, material type, moisture content, nails used and defined the pallets conforming to these standards as Euro Pallet. The standard number of Euro Pallet is UIC 435-2V. Its dimensions are 80 cm x 120 cm.

Ex Beyan It is an export declaration.

Extranet: It is a network created so that different organisations (customers, suppliers, government agencies, etc.) can use the same software and protocols over the Internet.
Ex Works: It is a form of delivery in international trade that expresses only the cost of the goods and ensures the delivery of the goods to the buyer in the seller's own warehouse or enterprise. All costs and risks and other obligations related to the goods are borne by the buyer after the goods are delivered at the enterprise. The seller is not obliged to load the goods on any means of transport, nor is he obliged to fulfil these customs clearance procedures in cases where customs clearance procedures are required for export.

F

FAS (Free Alongside Ship): It is a form of delivery in international trade used in the form of sea and inland water transport, with the cost of goods and inland transport paid until the port. It refers to the seller's delivery of the goods at the designated loading port, leaving them in the line of the ship (at the dock) chosen by the buyer as customs cleared for export. From the time of delivery, risks such as loss or damage of the goods belong to the buyer. From this moment on, all costs and freight related to the goods are borne by the buyer.

Invoice: Product, quantity, quality, type of sale, weight, address, date, etc. It is a document issued by the seller containing information such as.

FCA (Free Carrier): It is a form of delivery in international trade, which is used in all forms of transport, with the cost of goods and internal transport paid until the designated place. It means that the seller's obligation ends when the goods are delivered to the carrier appointed by the buyer at the place specified by the buyer for export. If the buyer has appointed a person who is not the carrier himself to receive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled the delivery obligation by leaving the goods to this person.

Feeder Service: It is the receipt or delivery of goods from large sea vessels to small sea vessels or barges or vice versa. Direct service from large ships is often not possible.

FIFO (First in First Out): It is a rule that is generally used in storage and costing, which predicts that the first in for storage will be the first out.

Fictive: It is the type of warehouse where the private company stores only its own bonded goods.

Fleet Management: The harmonious management and execution of self-owned vehicles, equipment, garages and infrastructure systems in logistics companies in an orderly manner is called fleet management. It covers all the works such as where and when the vehicles will be, their maintenance, in which accommodation places they will stay, the equipment to be found in the vehicle, the driver status.

Physical Distribution: It is the physical transport of produced goods to consumers, storage, stock control, packaging, information communication and ordering.

Physical Census: It is the process of counting and recording all inventory in the warehouse or facility in a certain order, usually once or twice a year, by temporarily stopping the entry and exit operations.

FOB (Free On Board): It is an international form of delivery. The seller carries out the loading of the goods on the ship provided by the buyer at the specified date and place. Any damage, loss and expenses that may occur after the goods pass to the deck of the ship are the responsibility of the buyer. The seller prepares all the necessary documents for export and delivers the goods by completing the customs procedures.

Forklift: Loading, unloading, transporting, placing, stacking, etc. in open and closed areas. forked transport / lifting vehicle used for handling operations, forked lift.

Frigo Transport (Transportation Refrigerated): It means fresh and frozen food transport up to -26 degrees Celsius.

FTL (Full Truck Load): It is the load that fully fills the carrying capacity (volume, weight) of a trailer.

G

Gabari: These are the dimensions that determine the length, width and height of the vehicles in order to ensure their safe travelling on the highway with or without load.

Provisional Acceptance: Raw material, semi-product or product is imported from abroad, transformed into semi-product/product by adding/not adding different substances in the country or by performing/not performing value-added processes (labour etc.) on it and exported abroad.

Revenue Management: Increasing revenues through efficient practices.

Dressing Warehouse: It is a type of building where the racking system is used as the main carrier system of the warehouse building as well as product storage. After the racking system is installed, facade and roof panels are covered on it, and mechanical electrical systems are also installed integrated into the racking system. Therefore, compared to classical warehouse racks, curtain racks cannot be dismantled and moved flexibly without affecting the building and cannot be relocated.

Hidden Damage: It is a situation where products in a seemingly undamaged container are later found to be damaged.

Sender The company is the party requesting the transport of the product.

GPRS: It is a communication technology that enables the transfer of data to users over the GSM network.

Grouping: It is the allocation of a transport vehicle or container to more than one shipper.

Customs Declaration (Bill Of Entry): It is called a written declaration document indicating the characteristics, dimensions and qualities of the goods to be entered or exited to the customs authorities, to be transited or to be subjected to another process. It is issued in duplicate.

Customs Union: It is an agreement between one or more countries to facilitate import transactions, to remove or reduce customs duties, to ensure that the same customs tariff applies in all countries.

Customs Clearance Certificate: It is the customs certificate that all legal requirements have been met and that the vehicle can leave.

Customs Registration: The approval of the customs declaration prepared by the exporter or importer company or its customs officer before customs is the submission of the relevant commodity to customs approval for importation.

Safe Zone: It is a place reserved for the storage of special materials.

Safety Stock: It is the amount of stock kept in order to avoid being out of stock as a result of unexpected situations that may occur in the supply period and consumption (sales) rate.

Route: It is the path that people, goods, vehicles, services or information will follow between the start and end points of the movement to be determined in advance.

HS Code: It is the abbreviation of Customs Tariff Statistics Position. In our country, GTIP is the name given to the 12-code code in the Customs Tariff Schedule.

H

Raw material: They are materials that are highly used to obtain the final product by processing in production processes.

Hamule Bill: It is a document in the form of a receipt used in transport by train. It does not have the characteristics of a negotiable instrument.

Moving Rack: It is a system in which the shelf blocks can move horizontally with motor drive. With this mobility, a more intensive storage can be made by planning fewer aisles. It is generally used in operations with relatively low entry and exit handling speed (such as archive storage).

Movable Ramp: It is the equipment that allows the passage of handling equipment between the warehouse and the vehicle chassis. With its movable structure, it eliminates the height difference between the vehicle crates at different heights and the warehouse floor and acts as a bridge between them.

Damage: Transport, storage, handling, etc. of materials during operations such as tearing, cracking, breakage, deterioration, deformation, deformation, wetting, etc. It is all damages that cause loss of value.

Airway Bill of Lading (Airway Bill): It is a bill of carriage prepared in non-endorsable form between the sender and the air carrier.

I

İ

IATA (International Air Transport Association): It is the organisation that controls the descriptions and authorisations of passenger and cargo transport in international air transport.

IMCO Charge: It is the additional fee requested by the shipowner in dangerous goods transports.

IMO Document: It is the document used to transport flammable, explosive and chemical.

Intermodal Transportation: Intermodal transport is the transportation of the goods to be transported to the final destination by using more than one transport model (Ro-Ro, road, maritime, railway) without any physical operation on the goods and without opening the container / trailer.

ISPM 15 Standard: It is the standard for internationally traded wood packaging materials, set by the International Plant Health Convention (IPPC) for phytosanitary measures, to prevent the transport and spread of harmful organisms through wood packaging materials used for export.

Heat Treatment:In order for the wood packaging material to be considered heat-treated, the core temperature of the wood must reach a minimum of 56 °C and be kept at 56 °C for 30 minutes.

Pick by Light: During the product collection process, it is an electronic system that shows the personnel how many products will be collected from which address by means of LED display. It ensures that the result of the collection process is notified to the warehouse management system by means of the buttons on it.

Put to Light: During the product sorting process, it is an electronic system that shows the personnel how many products will be placed at which address by means of the led screen. It ensures that the result of the sorting process is notified to the warehouse management system by means of the buttons on it.

Returns: After the delivery of the product to the buyer, it is called the activities of taking the products back to the starting point from the buyer for reasons such as damage, rejection, recovery of packaging materials, expiration of the period of use, out of fashion, repair, etc.

Return Product Certificate: It is a form showing that the returned product is the original product of the company and stating the reason for the return.

Returns Management: It is the management of processes such as transport, storage, recovery and disposal of products returned from the customer to the supplier.

Passable Shelf: It is a rack that allows the stacking equipment to enter the rack from the aisle, allows the pallets to be stacked in depth and thus minimises the area allocated as an aisle, stores small quantities of goods in high quantities, and uses rails instead of sleepers for placement. It provides an operation in accordance with the LIFO (last in first out) principle.

Export (Export): It is the trade that occurs by sending goods from one country to another country.

Replenishment: It is an in-store transfer process to ensure the availability of the material in different packaging formats and/or storage locations during the storage process.
Intranet: The interconnection of computer networks to enable data exchange between company units.

Waybill (BOL): It is an official document showing the delivery of goods approved by the finance, which is used when shipping the sold goods from one place to another.

Stack: It is a pile of loads formed from different loads according to certain criteria.

Stacking: It is the stacking of materials on top of each other in order to use the volume vertically.

Labour Union: Encouraging, encouraging and incentivising all parties in the supply chain for better chain performance.

Import: It is the trade that occurs by bringing goods from another country to the country in which they are located.

Traceability: It is the ability to obtain and report data about the path of a product from production to consumption throughout the supply chain.

J

Jettison: When the ship is in danger, the materials are thrown overboard.

Joint Rate (Joint Freight Charge): The price applied from one transport point to another. This is the only agreed and approved tariff between the transport systems.

Just In Time Delivery System: It is a system for the shipment and delivery of the material in the required time and quantity, from the required place to the required place under the desired conditions.

K

K1: It is the authorisation certificate to be obtained from the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications by real or legal persons who will carry out intercity goods transport by road with one or more self-owned vehicles.

Cabotage In maritime trade, it is the authorisation of a country to carry out transport within its own country only to carriers flying its own flag. It is also used as the right of commercial vehicle drivers to work in other countries in road transport.

Acceptance Credit Payment (Acceptance Credit): It is a form of payment that commits the payment of the price of the goods in a certain term and a policy is the instrument for this payment. In other words, acceptance credit is a form of payment in which the price of the goods sold is paid to the seller on the maturity date that is tied to a policy. This credit is used by the importer or the importer's bank accepting the policy presented with the documents. In acceptance credit payment, banks act as intermediaries for the parties and receive commission for this. There is “trade acceptance” if the policy issued by the seller is accepted only by the buyer. If it is foreseeable that the policy will be accepted by a bank, the bank accepts the policy or may advance the importer's acceptance. This is called “banker's acceptance”. In this form of payment, the exporter guarantees itself against the importer who wants to make a deferred purchase, by the bank's acceptance or advance acceptance of the policy.

Quality Control: It is the determination of the degree to which a product or service meets the prescribed quality conditions.

Kanban: In just-in-time production/supply systems, it is the information, document, signal, electronic message that ensures the supply of the required material at the required time and quantity.

Capacity: The highest amount of production (output) that can be achieved under specified conditions, in terms of time or other criteria.

Land Transport: It is a transport model that involves the transport of the goods from the point of origin to the destination using the road route.

Quarantine Stock: Stock that is kept separate from sound products due to faulty documentation, defective goods, recall of defective products, etc.

Mixed Transport: The use of at least two different transport systems within the same shipment.

Counter-trade (Counter-trade): These are the direct and simultaneous exchange of two groups of goods, which are considered to be of equal value, carried out with a single contract that does not involve financial payments or fund transfers. Swap agreements do not involve long-term and regular transactions with the same customer; they generally cover one-off transactions.

Added Value: The value that a company adds to its inputs (the sum of labour, depreciation, profit, tax and liabilities) / the value, functionality or benefit that is increased or improved.

Value Added Transactions (VAS): Labelling, packaging, folding, temperature measuring, transferring, mixing, combining, separating, palletising, light assembly, return operations, destruction, adding user manuals, barcode operations, maintenance-repair operations, etc. performed in warehouses upon customer requests.

Sliding Shelf For the purpose of high turnover speed and better volume utilisation; box, pallet, etc. It is a shelf where other packages slide on inclined rollers to the unloading position after a package is taken in order to realise the FIFO principle for packages.

Resource Planning: It is a periodic optimisation study carried out in order to use all owned and/or subcontracted resources efficiently and in a way that will benefit the organisation. As a result of the needs and demands that will arise based on the results of resource planning, processes such as purchasing can also be triggered.

Kingpin: It is the large pin that connects the tractor to the semi-trailer.

Knocked Down (KD): It is the disassembly of the cargo for reassembly in order to make an economical loading.

Code: It is a numerical or alphanumeric representation of text for the purpose of categorising common information.

Box: It is a package of various sizes containing various items.
Parcel Label: It is the label on the outer side of the parcels used in transport, showing the destination and/or parcel content information.

Combined Transport: It is a transport system in which the road is used at the beginning and end stages of the transport and the long-distance transport in between is carried out by rail, river, canal or sea.

Complete It is the allocation of a transport vehicle or container to a shipper.

Consignment Export - Consignation (Consignations): It is a form of export made in the form of sending goods to foreign buyers, brokers, exporter's branch representations abroad to be sold later. The relevant persons or organisations receiving the goods sent to be sold sell the goods at their fair value, deduct the expenses such as commission etc. from the sales income and send the remaining amount to the exporter in foreign currency through the authorised bank.

Consignment Stock: These are products that are paid for when they are used, not when they are received.

Consolidation: Saving scale in transport by creating large loading batches from small quantities of cargo.

Cantilevered Shelf It is a shelf used especially for stacking long goods (profile, pipe, plate, plastic, wood, etc.) side by side or on top of each other, open on the front side, with carrier arms in horizontal direction.

Bill of Lading: It is a loading instruction. It contains all the details of the consignor and consignee, such as the place and date of loading, the place where the goods will be delivered, the type of goods, quantity, gross weight and delivery method.

Container Standard metal cargo crates which are resistant to all kinds of atmospheric conditions, especially used in combined transport with maritime transport, easy to handle and stackable loads are placed inside.

Contract Logistics: It is the outsourcing of logistics operations depending on the contract between the logistics service provider company and the customers.

Conveyor (Conveyor): It is a closed-circuit, continuous transfer mechanism for transporting loads from air or ground. It is a continuous transport vehicle used in the transport of various loads and materials.

Corridor A passageway in a stockpile.

Available Addresses: It refers to the suitability and availability of the locations determined for different purposes (stocking, handling, vehicle loading/unloading, value-added services) in logistics facilities for the relevant process.

Küşüşat: It is a word of Persian origin and means opening, opening. It is the right of the owners to inspect, sample and weigh their goods before the declaration in order to be able to issue their declarations.

L

L2 Document: It is a type of authorisation certificate that companies operating international logistics must have in accordance with the Road Transport Law. Unless the violations specified in the provisions of the law are carried out, the validity period of the document is 5 years.

LDM Loading Meter: It is the loading metre in a vehicle, i.e. the expression of the area covered by a cargo in metres. For loads that cannot be loaded on top of each other in the transport vehicle, the tonnage calculation is made on the lademeter (LDM).

LIFO (Last In First Out): It is the principle that the last material in will come out first.

Logistics: The physical flow consisting of transport, storage, packaging and handling and the service flow consisting of customs clearance, insurance, inspection, inventory management and order management.

Logistics Management: The stage of the supply chain process that involves the effective and efficient planning, implementation and control of the forward and reverse flows and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of production and the point of consumption in order to meet customer requirements.

Low-bed (Camel Neck Trailer): It is a semi-trailer that enables the transport of loads that are different from the length, height, width and tonnage that normal trucks or lorries can carry, outside the standards according to international and domestic road transport regulations, such as heavy construction machinery or special project loads.

Lift Vehicle: It is the name given to trucks that load their own load thanks to the pallet truck located in the rear section of the vehicles and used for lifting loads, so that they do not need forklifts and cranes.

M

Return to Country of Origin: In cases where the imported material is not suitable for its qualifications, it is returned to the importing country.

Goods Acceptance: It is the process of accepting the material coming to the warehouse. The process includes unloading the load and taking it to the goods receiving area, comparing the physical information with the registered information, taking the goods into the warehouse and keeping the record.

Goods Receiving Area: It is the area where the acceptance procedures of the material coming to the warehouse are carried out.
Payment against Goods (Cash Against Goods): It is the payment method in which the price of the exported goods is paid after the goods are received by the importer.

Material Request: It is the request made to receive goods from the warehouse and to start the purchasing process if they are not in the warehouse.

Materials Management: It is the management of all materials within a company, including coding, requirement planning, stock control, supply, storage, etc. activities.

Manifesto (Manifest): It is a document showing the list of details prepared by the carrier and its agent. It is the summary details of the total cargo in the vehicle. It is usually used for customs purposes.

Maut: In Germany, it is a motorway use tax levied on vehicles over 12 tonnes.

Certificate Of Origin: It is a document showing the origin of the goods in circulation in international trade, that is, the place of production and therefore the country to which it belongs.

Seasonal Stock: It is the stock kept before the start of a season to meet the consumption that will occur during the season.

Mezzanine Type (Platform - Walkway) Shelf System: It is a racking system used for storing small and multi-article products such as spare parts, ready-to-wear clothing, accessories, cosmetics, which provides access to each product without using equipment and enables efficient use of warehouse volume vertically. It allows personnel to walk on the platforms inside the shelf and thus allows a high warehouse to be used as a mezzanine.

Inspection: It is the control of the material at storage or customs points under the supervision of internal or external officials (third parties), by taking and analysing samples when necessary.

Force Majeure: It is the provision in the contracts that the parties cannot be held liable for unforeseen circumstances (earthquake, flood, war, etc.) beyond their control.

Seal: It is a kind of locking system that is installed after the vehicle is customs cleared and shows that it cannot be opened without authorisation until delivery.

Customer: The organisation or person to whom products and services are sold.

Customer Relationship Management: Providing more effective and efficient services to customers through multi-directional and cross-analyses of customer characteristics and sales and marketing activities.

Low-bed (Camel Neck Trailer): It is a semi-trailer that enables the transport of loads that are different from the length, height, width and tonnage that normal trucks or lorries can carry, outside the standards according to international and domestic road transport regulations, such as heavy construction machinery or special project loads.

Lift Vehicle: It is the name given to trucks that load their own load thanks to the pallet truck located in the rear section of the vehicles and used for lifting loads, so that they do not need forklifts and cranes.

N

Freight (Freight): It is the fee paid for the transport service.

O

Ö

Optimisation: It is a concept that has parallels with resource planning. It aims to increase the measurable values of the organisation such as efficiency and profitability by using these resources with maximum capacity with the actions to be taken and plans to be implemented within the existing resources, while aiming to keep these criteria at the lowest level within a structure measured by performance criteria such as penalties, delays and losses.

Ordino (Delivery Order): It is an order or instruction prepared to ensure that the goods written on the bill of lading can be withdrawn in parts. Ordino is also an instruction for the customs clearance of the goods against the bill of lading.

Average Stock: The average level of inventory held for a product, a product group or all products in a given period.

Automated Storage System (AS/RS): It is a storage system in which the placement of the material in the warehouse and the removal of the material from the place where it is stored is carried out with computer-controlled equipment, and robots that can move horizontally and vertically for placement and picking in each shelf aisle work.

Payment Methods (Made Of Payment):

  1. Payment Under Letter Of Credit (Payment Under Letter Of Credit - L/C): A conditional undertaking given by a bank, at the request of a buyer, to make payment to a specified seller in return for the presentation of documents relating to goods or services, the details of which are specified by the buyer.
  2. Acceptance Credit Payment (Acceptance Credit): It is a form of payment that commits the payment of the price of the goods in a certain term and a policy is the instrument for this payment. In other words, acceptance credit is a form of payment in which the price of the goods sold is paid to the seller on the maturity date that is tied to a policy. This credit is used by the importer or the importer's bank accepting the policy presented with the documents. In acceptance credit payment, banks act as intermediaries for the parties and receive commission for this. There is “trade acceptance” if the policy issued by the seller is accepted only by the buyer. If it is foreseeable that the policy will be accepted by a bank, the bank accepts the policy or may advance the importer's acceptance. This is called “banker's acceptance”. In this form of payment, the exporter guarantees itself against the importer who wants to make a deferred purchase, by the bank's acceptance or advance acceptance of the policy.
  3. Counter-trade (Counter-trade): These are the direct and simultaneous exchange of two groups of goods, which are considered to be of equal value, carried out with a single contract that does not involve financial payments or fund transfers. Swap agreements do not involve long-term and regular transactions with the same customer; they generally cover one-off transactions.
  4. Consignment Export - Consignation (Consignations): It is a form of export made in the form of sending goods to foreign buyers, brokers, exporter's branch representations abroad for final sale to be made later. The relevant persons or organisations receiving the goods sent to be sold sell the goods at their fair value. Commission etc. expenses are deducted from the sales income and the remaining amount is sent to the exporter in foreign currency through the authorised bank.
  5. Payment Against Goods (Cash Against Goods): It is the payment method in which the price of the exported goods is paid after the goods are received by the importer.
  6. Advance Payment (Cash Payment / Advance Payment / Prepayment / Cash Before Delivery): It is a form of payment in which the importer pays the cost of the goods to the exporter before the actual export.
  7. Cash Against Documents (CAD): It is a payment method that envisages the delivery of documents to the importer in return for the importer's bank paying the export price to the exporter's bank. The importer has the right to withdraw the goods from customs with the payment documents received. This form of payment is also called payment against documents.

Dead Stock: Stock that has not been demanded or consumed for a certain period of time.
Summary Declaration (Summary Declaration): It is a document showing that the goods to be imported and exported come to customs.

P

Package: It protects the products from external influences and keeps them together; facilitates marketing, transport, storage, distribution processes and is made of materials such as metal, plastic, cardboard, etc.

Packaging: It is all of the protective tools used to ensure the safe transport of a product in the distribution chain extending from the manufacturer to the consumer.

Palletisation: The product is stacked on pallets for transport and storage.

Panel van: While goods are transported in the open in a van, which is a light commercial vehicle similar to a minibus (semi-closed open body) with a closed chassis of 3 - 5 metres, produced for freight transport, in this model, cargo is transported in a hollow section like a closed warehouse.

Partial Shipments: It is the method of transporting the loads of different customers on the same route with the same truck.

Advance Payment (Cash Payment / Advance Payment / Prepayment / Cash Before Delivery): It is a form of payment in which the importer pays the cost of the goods to the exporter before the actual export.

Planning: It is the departure of the cargo requests from our customers and / or agencies by making loading plans based on the resources we have and customer requests.

Policy: It is a written contract showing that the insurance contract has been concluded and the mutual conditions of the contract (the rights and obligations of both parties).

Proforma: It is a preliminary invoice issued by the seller on behalf of the buyer and showing all kinds of details about the agreement made.

Promotion Innovations or advantages offered to increase sales.

R

Shelf: It is a storage equipment made of metal, wood or plastic material, which is used to maintain order in warehouses, to put products on it, to use the height and to protect the goods, which is constantly fixed or can be adjusted in size when necessary.

Ramp: It is the area that ensures that the chassis of the transport vehicle and the loading area are at the same height level, thus facilitating the unloading and loading of the material.

Rail Corridor: The narrow aisle is the aisle with guide rails that allow the stackers to move in a certain direction.

Reach-Truck: It is an electric stacking equipment that can provide easy, comfortable, fast and safe movement in warehouses with wide aisles (approximately 3 metres wide), side loading and stacking at high levels of 10 - 13 metres.

Reserved Areas: Special areas, such as a predetermined cross-docking area, to be used for placement, collection or other purposes.

Reserved Stock: It is the stock allocated in the required amount within the framework of the work or purchase order opened for a certain product.

RF Handheld Terminal (Radio Frequency): They are easy-to-use, mobile handheld computers that collect information by barcode, QR code scanning or manual operation with keys, provide online delivery of this collected information to the desired system database with radio frequency without loss and error, and also display information for directing personnel from the system database through the screen.

RF ID: It is an automatic recognition system consisting of a microchip with an antenna wrapped around it and a reader, integrated with a software-hardware system, where the data communication between the tag and the reader is provided by radio waves.

Routing: It is the determination of the order and route in which the transport will be carried out from the starting point to the points to be delivered.

Trailer It is a road transport vehicle for cargo transport, which is towed by a towing vehicle and manufactured in accordance with the characteristics of the load it will carry, and can be parked on its own wheels.

Tugboat It is a motorised marine vehicle that helps large ships to manoeuvre quickly and safely in harbour areas.

Roller Conveyor: It is the equipment that moves the product or the transport container (pallet, basket, etc.) on them by rotating the placed cylinder moulds with the motor.

R2 Document: It is a type of authorisation certificate that must be held by companies that are engaged in international transport organisation in accordance with the Road Transport Law. Unless the violations specified in the provisions of the law are carried out, the validity period of the document is 5 years.

S

Ş

Fixed Storage Policy: It is the policy of storing each product in a special area reserved for it.

Fixed Price: It is the price that has not been changed in any way.

Fixed Costs: Costs that are not affected by the amount of work done in the short term and remain fixed.

Purchasing: It is the transfer of ownership of the goods or services from the seller to the buyer with the desired quality, time and quantity, reasonable price, a suitable delivery and payment plan and additional conditions if deemed necessary.

Free Zone Although they are parts of the Customs Territory of Turkey, they are places where goods not in free circulation are placed without being subjected to any customs regime and without being put into free circulation, provided that they are not used or consumed except for the cases stipulated in the customs legislation, and where goods in free circulation, which are considered to be outside the Customs Territory of Turkey in terms of the application of import duties and trade policy measures, benefit from the facilities normally associated with the export of goods due to being placed in a free zone.

Packing Slip: An official document indicating the name, quantity, freight cost and invoice number of the cargo on the vehicle. It is a document that must be issued during the transport of commercial commodities from one place to another and must be kept with the goods in order to be controlled in terms of tax legislation during the transport of goods.

Shipment: It is the process of sorting the demands (orders) according to certain criteria (dispatch day, location, loading vehicle, route, quantity, etc.) and removing them from the warehouse to deliver them to the requested locations with the relevant official documents.

Border Crossing: Indicates the country borders where export and/or import vehicles enter or leave the countries on their transit routes.

Sequential Stacking: It is the stacking of loads on top of each other on the ground within a plan without using shelves.

Back to Back Shelf Spacing: In the back-to-back shelving system, it is the space left between the two shelves, taking into account the overflow of the pallets from the shelves.

Back to Back Shelf System (Back to Back): It is a shelf system in which the front faces of the shelves are placed in the aisle and the back faces are placed close to each other, providing direct access to all product types, can be used manually or with handling equipment, is very suitable for pallet use, is the most common, economical and wide usage area.

Insurance: A bilateral written contract made with an organisation engaged in this business in return for a premium paid in advance to cover losses that may arise as a result of the realisation of possible risks.

Order Confirmation Number: It is the number indicating the finalised order of a good to be delivered on a certain date. This number is used to take delivery of the material and to monitor this purchase during the debit account period.

Order Picking: For the products or services stored, it is the process of preparing for shipment by the warehouse personnel, which the customer notifies to the company by giving quantity and time.

Order Picker (Picker): It is a material handling equipment designed to manually pick orders that are less than the pallet load on the shelves, allowing the operator to rise while picking orders in horizontal and vertical directions, in other words, allowing the operator to change position on the machine.

Order Picker: It is stacking equipment that allows the operator to go up and collect orders.

Order Management: It is the process of meeting demands or orders, pricing, keeping records, controlling stocks, making stock allocation or notifying the relevant places of production/purchase requirements, tracking orders, monitoring delivery and collection.

Sovtaj: It is the material value assessed by the insurance expert for the damaged products.
Promissible Inventory: The planned stock quantities that indicate when future sales orders can be fulfilled.

Spanzet (Ratchet Strap): It is the general name of polyester strips that pass over the load and are fixed to the surface on which the load will be transported and used to fix the load by stretching it with the tension mechanism known as the “purse”.

Spot Vehicle (Spot Vehicle): Free-running is the general name of vehicles with a one-time transport agreement.

Standard Pallet Rack: Euro and ISO etc. It is a classic rack designed for standard pallets in norms.

Standard Product Code: “It is a code given by the ”Uniform Product Code" Council (UPCC), the first five characters of which identify the manufacturer and the other 5 characters identify the product.

Stock: It is the material that is usually kept in warehouses against future or possible requirements.

Inventory Turnover Rate: The ratio of the cost or quantity of goods sold to the average inventory value or quantity for a given period of activity.

Stock Adjustment: It is the systematic stock increase or decrease operations performed in order to correct stock errors occurring on the system.

Stock Control It is the determination of orders or requirements by continuous or periodic monitoring of stocks in a way that does not cause stock excess or stock deficiency and in accordance with the established rules.

Stock Type (Account): It is used for systematic separation of stocks with different characteristics such as saleable stock, damaged stock, stock of products to be labelled, stock of problematic products, stock of returned products to be repackaged, stock of returned products to be inspected, stock of products awaiting destruction, stock of products awaiting quality control, etc.

Supalan: It is generally used in land and sea transports and the customs clearance of the material is carried out on the vehicle carrying the transport.

Sustainable Warehouse: They are areas that can serve for a long time by carrying out their activities in an environmentally and socially sensitive manner.

Process Optimisation: These are the development activities to be carried out to increase quality, reduce costs and eliminate activities that do not create added value.

Continuous Improvement: It is a continuous cycle of activities based on planning, implementing, controlling and taking measures to improve performance.

Continuous Supply: It is the co-ordination of the flow of goods and information in the supply chain to ensure a continuous flow of products and less product held in retailer stocks.

Stange: It is a much confused equipment with spanbret. It is used to ensure the safety of suspended loads, it can be used instead of spanbret in textile trailers.

Swap Body: It is the name of containers that are made too thin to be stacked on top of each other and lifted from the top by a stacker. They are made of very light materials to reduce initial purchase costs and minimise fuel costs in the long term. Their dimensions are standard ISO container dimensions so that they can be loaded on other container-carrying vehicles. It can change the vehicle it is transported without the need for any loading / unloading system thanks to its foldable legs, which are generally located at the four corners.

Spanbret: It is used to block loads that are likely to tip over when the hatch is opened by having a gap in the trailer or by fixing the rearmost loads.
Subcontractor: A subcontractor, also known as subcontractor or secondary employer, sub-contractor, sub-contracted, sub-employer, sub-operator, is in many cases another contractor who has signed an agreement to perform a work or a part of the work or to fulfil all the obligations of the employer in the contract.

T

Demand: It is the requirement for a specific quantity of a specific material.

Demand Planning: It is the determination of the demand of a product or service for a predicted period (such as 12 months, 6 months, 3 months, 1 month) on the basis of product family, product or location by taking into account both past sales data and factors affecting the future with a scenario approach.

Demand Forecasting: It is the use of various forecasting approaches in accordance with certain conditions in order to determine the quantitative and/or qualitative values of the demand for products and services.

Buffer Stock: Stock held between work centres to balance the flow of production.
Transport: It is the transfer of people and cargo between certain points.

Delivery Note: It is the official document used to officially document every movement of all kinds of tangible assets such as Commercial Goods, Raw Materials, Scrap, Fixed Assets in the enterprise.

Portable Shelf: It is a shelf that can be transported empty or full.

Procurement: It is all activities such as research, selection, planning, stock control, purchasing, transport, receipt, evaluation, etc. required to provide the necessary machinery, tools, devices, raw materials, materials, parts, semi-products, products and services from appropriate suppliers.

Supply Chain: It is the name given to the whole of the activities such as organisations, people and technology in this process, covering the movements from the supplier to the customer. In this framework, it is the chain that connects many companies.

Supplier: The provider of goods and services is the company.

Dangerous Goods: It is a material that should be given special attention during transport and storage as there is a risk of damage to health, safety and other materials in the environment.

Lead Time: The period between the placing of a purchase order or production order for a product/service and the realisation of order delivery or product production.

Consolation: It is the process of receiving the goods from the authorised personnel delivering the material by the company official.

Certificate Of Delivery: In order to provide storage, transport and/or value-added services, it is a document issued to document that the goods in question are transferred to the responsibility of the relevant party by signing and stamping when receiving or delivering the goods from the company, supplier or customer providing the service in question.

Delivery Time: The date and/or time when a good is delivered to the customer.

THC (Terminal Handling Charges): It is the handling fee in the harbour.

TIR Carnet: It is a customs transit document that provides transport under a procedure from the customs office at the point of departure to the customs office at the destination. It is divided into 4, 6, 14 and 20 sheets according to the number of pages it contains.

Tonnage The carrying capacity of a cargo transport vehicle in tonnes.

Picking Area (Picking): It is the predetermined place for each part to be used in picking, placing and replenishment operations.

Pallet truck It is a material handling equipment used in order picking, vehicle loading and unloading operations in the warehouse, suitable for working in low positions.

Minutes: Documents signed by those concerned to determine a specific event or situation (goods acceptance report, counting report, deficit/surplus report, etc.).

Tilt Trailer: Tilt Trailer

U

Ü

UBAK: It was put into force on 1 January 1974. In 2006, UBAK was renamed as International Transport Forum (ITF). The UBAK certificate is a permit used for transports between member countries, accompanied by a duly completed logbook, which is allocated at the beginning of each year to companies that meet certain conditions by the Bank of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications within the quota allocated to member countries by the Secretariat.

International Transport: It is any kind of transport from one country to another country directly or in transit; by road, maritime, railway and/or air.

International Delivery Methods (Incoterms): It is a programme implemented by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) to standardise the terms used in international trade. There are a total of 11 forms of delivery.

  1. CFR (Cost and Freight): It is a form of delivery in international trade, which is used only in sea and inland water transport, where the cost of goods and freight are paid. The seller undertakes all costs and risks and brings the goods to the port where they will be loaded and delivers them to the ship as customs cleared for export. The risk of damage and loss of the goods is transferred to the buyer when the goods are placed on board the ship, while the transfer of the costs to the buyer takes place at the port of destination.
  2. CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight): It is a form of delivery in international trade used only in sea and inland water transport, where the cost of goods, insurance and freight are paid. The seller undertakes all costs and risks and brings the goods to the port where they will be loaded and delivers them to the ship as customs cleared for export. In addition, the seller makes an insurance contract at a minimum coverage rate on behalf of the buyer against the risk of loss and damage during the transport of the goods. While the risk of loss and damage to the goods is transferred to the buyer when the goods are placed on board the ship, the transfer of the costs to the buyer takes place at the port of destination and the risk passes to the buyer.
  3. CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To): It is a form of delivery in international trade, which is used in all forms of transport, for which the cost of goods, insurance and freight are paid. It means that the seller will deliver the goods to a carrier or other person of his choice at the designated place (if such a place is agreed by the parties) and the seller is obliged to pay the transport costs to bring the goods to the specified destination. The seller shall take out insurance at a minimum coverage rate appropriate to the type of goods loaded by paying the insurance premium. The seller is deemed to have fulfilled his “delivery obligation” when he delivers the goods to the carrier, not when the goods arrive at the destination.
  4. CPT (Carriage Paid To): It is a form of delivery in international trade, which is used in all forms of transport, for which the cost of goods and freight have been paid. It is especially used in multi-vehicle transport types. It means that the seller will deliver the goods to a carrier or other person of his choice at the designated place (if such a place is agreed by the parties) and the seller is obliged to pay the transport costs to bring the goods to the specified destination. As a general rule, from the moment the goods are transferred to the custody of the first carrier, all risks and charges other than freight pass to the buyer.
  5. DAP (Delivered At Place): It is a form of delivery in international trade used in all forms of transport, including a wide variety of transport, for which the cost of goods, insurance, freight and internal transports have been paid. It means that the seller delivers the goods by leaving them at the disposal of the buyer without unloading them from the transport vehicle at the designated destination. The seller bears all damages and costs of bringing the goods to the designated destination. The seller bears all costs up to the place of destination, but the customs procedures and costs in the buyer's country belong to the buyer.
  6. DAT (Delivered At Terminal): It is a form of delivery in international trade, which is used in all forms of transport, including a wide variety of transport, with the cost of goods, insurance, freight and internal transport paid. It means that the goods are delivered when the seller leaves the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the designated destination or at the terminal determined at the port, unloaded from the incoming transport vehicle. DAT is the placing of the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the terminal point determined by the buyer and the seller, with the unloading costs covered by the seller.
  7. DDP (Delivered Duty Paid): It is a form of delivery in international trade used in all forms of transport, including multi-modal transport, with the cost of goods, insurance, freight and internal transport paid. The seller's obligation of delivery ends when the goods are held ready for order at the place determined in the import country. The seller is obliged to bear the risks and expenses, including taxes, duties and other charges, necessary for the carriage of the goods to that point and their passage through the import customs.
  8. Ex Works: It is a form of delivery in international trade that expresses only the cost of the goods and ensures the delivery of the goods to the buyer in the seller's own warehouse or enterprise. All costs and risks and other obligations related to the goods are borne by the buyer after the delivery of the goods in the enterprise. The seller is not obliged to load the goods on any means of transport, nor is he obliged to fulfil these customs clearance procedures in cases where customs clearance procedures are required for export.
  9. FAS (Free Alongside Ship): It is a form of delivery in international trade used in the form of sea and inland water transport, with the cost of goods and inland transport paid until the port. It refers to the seller's delivery of the goods at the designated loading port, leaving them in the line of the ship (at the dock) chosen by the buyer as customs cleared for export. From the time of delivery, risks such as loss or damage of the goods belong to the buyer. From this moment on, all costs and freight related to the goods are borne by the buyer.
  10. FCA (Free Carrier): It is a form of delivery in international trade, which is used in all forms of transport, with the cost of goods and internal transport paid until the designated place. It means that the seller's obligation ends when the goods are delivered to the carrier appointed by the buyer at the place specified by the buyer for export. If the buyer has appointed a person who is not the carrier himself to receive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled the delivery obligation by leaving the goods to this person.
  11. FOB (Free On Board): It is a form of delivery in international trade used in the form of carriage by sea and inland waters, with the cost of goods and inland transport paid until the designated port. It refers to the seller's delivery of the goods at the designated loading port, on the ship selected by the buyer as customs cleared for export. Any damage, loss and expenses that may occur after the goods pass to the deck of the ship are the responsibility of the buyer.

Third Party Logistics (3PL): Logistics companies that undertake the logistics activities (primarily transport and storage) of their customers and are specialised in their fields. The term "first party" refers to the seller company, "second party" to the buyer company and "third party" to the company that undertakes some services between the seller and buyer companies.

Production: It is the creation of useful products and/or services for users by using production resources such as materials, labour, energy, machinery, etc.

Addressing the storage of products (Put Away): It is the process of physically transporting and placing the products arriving at the warehouse to the stock locations in the warehouse after the goods acceptance process is carried out, and systematically matching the identity of the transport container with the address identity.

Product Stock: The quantity of each product in the warehouse.

Product Collection: It is the process of collecting the products in the warehouse from their addresses according to customer demands.

V

Vat Number (Value Added Tax): Value Added Tax

Cash Against Documents (CAD): It is a payment method that envisages the delivery of documents to the importer in return for the importer's bank paying the export price to the exporter's bank. The importer has the right to withdraw the goods from customs with the payment documents received. This form of payment is also called payment against documents.

Crane (Crane): It is a tool for lifting heavy loads and carrying them to a place.

Y

Load: Transported goods, products or goods.

Loading: It is the process of safely loading materials to a vehicle such as train, aircraft, lorry, etc. for shipment.

Loading Area: It is the pallet, platform, etc. area where the loads are placed.

Z

Harmful Substance: A substance that may pose a risk to health, safety and damage during storage and transport.

Addendum: It is a document issued to indicate the changes that have occurred during the period in which the insurance policy is in force.